WhenV: When-­clauses are marked by the use of a special verb form.

WhenWV1: When-­clauses are marked by the use of an independent word (referent) within the main clause.

WhenWV2: When­-clauses are marked by the use of an independent word (conjunction) within the clause.

(1a) mīša jaqə ʌaŋ-m-aʌ-nə māša kēm ʎīwət.

Misha in enter-pst.ptc-3sg-loc Masha out go.pst.3sg

‘When Misha entered the room, Masha left.’ (L. N. K.)

(1b) mīša jaqə ʌaŋ-əm ʌāt-nə māša kēm ʎīwət.

Misha in enter-pst.ptc time-loc Masha out go.pst.3sg

‘When Misha entered the room, Masha left.’ (L. N. K.)

(1c) qūntə mīša jaqə ʌaŋ, māša kēm ʎīwət.

when Misha in enter.pst.3sg Masha out go.pst.3sg

‘When Misha entered the room, Masha left.’ (L. N. K.)

(2a) mīša jaqə ʌaŋ-m-aʌ pӯrnə māša kēm ʎīwət.

Misha in enter-pst.ptc-3sg after Masha out go.pst.3sg

’Misha belépte után Mása kiment.’ (L. N. K.)

(2b) mīša jaqə ʌaŋ, ťūt pӯr-nə māša kēm ʎīwət.

Misha in enter.pst.3sg that after Masha out go.pst.3sg

‘When Misha entered the room, Masha left.’ (L. N. K.)

(3a) āŋki-ʌ-nə mɔ̄ńť-at mɔ̄ńť-ʌəɣ, ńēwrem əntə wojəmtə-ʌ-i.

mother-3sg-loc tale-ins tell-neg.ptc child neg sleep-prs-pass.3sg

‘Until her mother tells a tale, the child won’t sleep.’ (L. N. K.)

(3b) ńēwrem əntə wojaʌtə-ʌ pakā āŋki-ʌ-nə mɔ̄ńť-at mɔ̄ńť-ʌəɣ.

child neg sleep-prs.3sg while mother-3sg-loc tale-ins tell-neg.ptc

‘Until her mother tells a tale, the child won’t sleep.’ (L. N. K.)

(3c) ńēwrem əntə wojəmtə-ʌ-i ťu ʌāt močə, qūntə ʌüw āŋki-ʌ əntə mɔ̄ńť-ʌ

child neg sleep-prs-pass.3sg that time -till when he/she mother-3sg neg tell-prs.3sg

ʌüwati-ja mɔ̄ńť.

he/she-lat tale

‘The child won’t sleep until her mother tells a tale.’ (L. N. K.)

Traditionally, the markers of temporal clauses are participles (present, past or negative participles). Simultaneous and anterior events are expressed by participles that take oblique case endings or postpositions (1a), (1b), (2a). Posterior events are coded by negative participles (3a). In contemporary texts, two-clause constructions containing a conjunction and/or a connective guide word and two finite verb forms have also appeared (1c), (2b), (3c). The Russian influence to the latter construction is evident from the fact that the conjunction pakā ‘when/until’ is a Russian loanword (3b).