Marking of nominal conjunction and comitative (Hungarian)

ConnN&DM: A medial connective is used to express nominal conjunction; dependent marking is used to express the comitative.


(1a) szilvi és flóra könyvtár-ba men-t.

Szilvi and Flóra library-ill go-pst.3sg

‘Szilvi and Flora went to the library.’


(1b) szilvi és flóra könyvtár-ba men-t-ek.

Szilvi and Flóra library-ill go-pst- 3pl

‘Szilvi and Flora went to the library.’


(1c) szilvi, laura és flóra könyvtár-ba men-t-ek.

Szilvi Laura and Flóra library-ill go-pst-3pl

‘Szilvi, Laura, and Flora went to the library.’


(2) szilvi flórá-val (együtt) el-ment a könyvtár-ba.

Szilvi Flóra-com (together) away-go-pst.3sg the library-ill

‘Szilvi went to the library with Flora.’


In Hungarian, two nominals can form a coordinating construction with the és, s ‘and’ conjunctions (1a–1b). If there are more than two elements in the coordination, the juxtaposition of the first two elements is enough for expressing the nominal conjunction (1c). In the comitative relationship, one of the nominals gets a comitative-instrumental -val/-vel suffix, which can be complemented with the együtt ‘together’ postposition. In coordination, the verb can agree with the subject in number and person (1b), while in the case of the comitative construction, there is grammatical agreement (2).

Author: 

Nikolett F. Gulyás