Case marking alignment addresses how the arguments of transitive and intransitive verbs are marked in relation to each other, which may occur through the use of case-bearing affixes or adpositions. The examination of this feature requires consideration of sentences in which the agent is the topic and the rest of the sentence is new information. The syntactic functions examined are S, A, and P. S is the only argument of an intransitive verb, A is the agent of a transitive verb expressing conscious, willful action, and P is the patient of a transitive verb; that is, the entity affected by the action.[1] This parameter evaluates the strategy

Types:

Neutr: Case alignment is neutral: the functions S, A, and P are not marked morphologically.

NoAMark: The function A is not explicitly marked, while S, P, or both are marked. A is therefore marked with a zero (∅) morpheme.[2]

AAff: The function A is marked with affixation.

AAdp: The function A is marked with an adposition.

ASpec: The function A is marked with a special pronoun.[3]

When a language displays more than one type of marking, two values can be listed. If one type is structurally dominant, a slash (/) can separate the two values, with the dominant value appearing first; if neither is dominant, the two are listed with an ampersand (&) separating the two.

[1] For example, in the sentence He sleeps, S is the function of he. In He killed it, A is fulfilled by he, while P is fulfilled by it. Zero-valency intransitive verbs and ditransitive verbs are not considered in this parameter.

[2] This value should not be confused with the Neutr value, which involves lack of marking rather than the use of the zero morpheme.

[3] To qualify as a special pronoun, a pronoun must display lexical divergence from other pronouns in other functions with the same referent. Suppletive forms are therefore not considered special pronouns.