Syncretism in the verbal paradigm (Surgut Khanty)

SyncSP: Verbs show person and number agreement with the subject; the paradigm includes syncretic forms.


(1) pan-ʌ-əttən

put-prs-obj.2du

put-prs-obj.3du


Objective (determinate) conjugation with singular object, second person dual (‘the two of you put something somewhere’) and third person dual (‘the two of them put…’) subjects, present tense


(2) pan-ʌə-ɣəʌ-ən

put-prs-du.obj-2du

put-prs-du.obj-3du


Objective (determinate) conjugation with dual object, second person dual (‘the two of you put those two things somewhere’) and third person dual (‘the two of them put those two things somewhere’) subjects, present tense


(3) pan-ʌə-ʌ-ən

put-prs-pl.obj-2du

put-prs-pl.obj-3du


Objective (determinate) conjugation with plural object, second person dual (‘the two of you put them somewhere’) and third person dual (‘the two of them put them somewhere’) subjects, present tense


(4) pan-ɣəʌ-ən

put-pst.du.obj-2du

put-pst.du.obj-3du


Objective (determinate) conjugation with dual object, second person dual (‘the two of you put those two things somewhere’) and third person dual (‘the two of them put those two things somewhere’) subjects, past tense


(5) pan-ɣəʌ-ən

put-imp.du.obj-2du

put-imp.du.obj-3du


Objective (determinate) conjugation with dual object, second person dual (‘you two, put those two things somewhere!’) and second person plural (‘put those two things somewhere!’) subjects, imperative


(6) pan-əʌ-ən

put-imp.pl.obj-2du

put-imp.pl.obj-2pl


Objective (determinate) conjugation with plural object, second person dual (‘you two, put them somewhere!’) and second person plural (‘put them somewhere!’) subjects, imperative


(7) pan-iʌ-ən

put-pst.pl.obj-2du

put-pst.pl.obj-2pl


Objective (determinate) conjugation with plural object, second person dual (‘the two of you put them somewhere’) and second person plural (‘you put them somewhere’) subjects, past tense


In Surgut Khanty, the verb form reflects the number (sg, du, pl) and person (1. 2. 3.) of the subject, tense (present, past), mood (indicative, imperative), voice (active, passive), and conjugation type (subjective/indeterminate, objective/determinate). In the objective (determinate) conjugation, not just the person and number of the subject but the number of the object (sg, du, pl) is also specified. Consequently, a verb could have 102 different forms in Surgut Khanty (note that in the imperative mood only second person singular, dual and plural forms exist). The language, however, does not use all these possibilities since it is quite frequent that the second person dual and plural forms (2du and 2pl), and the second person dual and the third person dual forms (2du and 3du) are expressed the same way. Apart from these syncretistic cases, there are also some homonymous forms, which are due to the fact that the present tense marker and the suffix indicating plural objects are both expressed by ʌ­, and that there are no tense markers on past tense and imperative verb forms.

Author: 

Márta Csepregi