When a case affix (Cx) appears as a root morpheme, it may display person marking (PM).[1] The inflectional paradigm for person marking must have enough forms[2] to display a contrast between at least two persons. These forms may be alternatives to pronoun oblique cases or suppletive forms in the personal pronominal paradigm. If the latter, the presence of the personal pronoun root (or some variant) may or may not be required.

A language can be assumed to have person marking on case affixes as root morphemes if this kind of marking appears with the majority of oblique cases, such as locative, instrumental, and comitative.

Types:

NoCx: The language does not have case marking.

NoCxPM: Person marking cannot occur on case affixes as roots.

CxPMNoPP: Person marking can occur on case affixes as roots and may be accompanied by an explicit pronoun.

CxPMOblPP: Person marking can occur on case affixes as roots and must be accompanied by an explicit pronoun.

CxPMOptPP: Person marking can occur on case affixes as roots and may be accompanied by an explicit pronoun, which serves as an intensifier.

CxPMMixPP: Person marking can occur on case affixes as roots; the simultaneous use of an explicit pronoun is partially required.[3]

[1] These should not be confused with the phenomenon in which a personal affix attaches to a noun that displays case marking; in such cases, the case ending does not become a root morpheme.

[2] These affixes may include zero morphemes.

[3] This should be detailed in the commentary.